ice cream lab 5/6/14

                                         Ice Cream Lab -Rxns

*is the creation of ice cream a chemical reaction?*

                    -yes is a chemical reaction

                * what's is my favorite flavor?*
     - as you can see above  my favorite flavor is
                                  strawberry 

                   * Back ground information:-)*

Certain substances affect the state of ice.  When salt is sprinkled on ice, for example, it causes the ice to melt.  This chemical reaction is actually a heat energy transfer.  Water freezes at 0°C. A saturated saltwater solution freezes at -32°C. *What happens if you sprinkle salt on ice?*

- it melt the ice because it changes the point that  

which the substance freezes

                             *Material list*

-1/2 cup milk
-1/2 cup whipping cream (heavy cream)

-1/4 cup sugar 
-1/4 teaspoon vanilla or vanilla flavoring (vanillin)
-3/4 cup sodium chloride (NaCL)as a table salt or  
  rock salt
-2 cups ice
-1-quart Ziploc bag
-1-gallon Ziploc bag
-thermometer
-measuring cups and spoons
-cups and spoons for eating your treat!

                             *Procedure*
1. add 1/4 cup sugar, 1/2 cup milk ,1/2 cup            
   whipping cream, and 1/4 teaspoon vanilla to the
   quart Ziploc bag. seal the bag securely.
2. put 2 cups of ice into the gallon Ziploc bag
3. use a thermometer  to measure and record the 
    temperature of the ice in the gallon bag.
4. add 1/2 to 3/4 cup salt (sodium chloride)to the 
     bag of ice.
5. place the sealed quart bag inside the gallon bag 
    ice and salt. seal the gallon bag securely.
6. gently rock the gallon bag from side to side . 
    it's best to hold it by the top seal or to have 
    gloves or a cloth between the bag and  your 
    hands because the bag will be cold enough to
    damage your skin.
7.continue to rock the bag for 10-15 minutes or 
   until the contents of the quart bag have solidified    into ice cream.
8.open the gallon bag and use the thermometer to 
   mesure and record the temperature of the                ice/salt mkixture.
9. remove the quart bag, open it, serve the  contest     into cups with spoons and ENJOY!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
   
   

                                        Data:
1. what kind of ice cream are you making?
   - I'm making strawberry ice cream
2.document the temperature of the ice in the 
   gallon bag before adding the salt?
   -the temperature of the ice before adding the            salt 
    is 3 degrees.
3.document the temperature of the ice/salt    mixture  (not the ice  cream ) in the gallon bag  when the  cream  mixture begins to solidify.   
      -___-2___
4. what is the temperature  differences before 
    adding the salt and  after mixing for 5 minutes
    minutes?
   -the temperature got colder
5. what is the temperature difference before
     adding the salt and after mixing for 10
     minutes? 
    -it got even more colder and the ice started to          melt

                                                  *conclusion*

1.) What kind of chemical reaction is the process of ice cream making, as done in our lab? Explain why.

-

2.) Explain why salt water is harder to freeze than plain water.

- Freshwater would freeze faster then saltwater.The salt in saltwater will keep it from freezing until the temperature is very low. The more salt in the water the lower the freezing temperature.

3.) Is the process of making ice cream a physical or chemical change? Explain your answer.

-technicality you are changing a liquid to a solid or semi-solid so as you don't want your ice cream to be hard as a rock-this is not a chemical change

4.) Why is salt used with the ice instead of sugar?

-salt is used in ice cream because of a special     property it possesses: it lowers the freezing   temperature of water .Rock salt melts ice,when rock salt is combined with ice and use to cool the mixing canister for ice cream, the resulting slurry is more effective at cooling the canister then unmelted ice .

                    *conclusion questions*

1.did you notice any difference between your ice 
   cream and other's people ice ream?

   -my ice cream had more flavor i felt like it had
    more sugar.

                           Tie Dye  Chemistry                


   Objective:use the process of dying fabrics to illustrate chemical
                    reactions ,equilibrium,chemical bonding, and P H.

                           Pre lab questions

1.) Where did the art of dying fibers originate?

The art of dying fibers originate from India.

2.) Originally, what type of substances were used to dye?

Different types of substances that we used to use to dye

came from parts of plants such as the bark, berries, 

flowers, leaves, and roots.

3.) What are the fibers of the shirt made of?

The fibers or the shirt are made out of cotton.

4.) What chemical interaction is occurring when fibers

are dye?

fiber-reactive dyes capable of forming covalent linkages

with the fiber were discovered.

How to do the tie dye shirt

procedure:

  Choose a design

tie dye shirt

                                                   Tie Dye Chemistry

Objective:use the process of dying fabrics to illustrate 
                 chemical reactions, equilibrium, chemical bonding,
                 and P H.

Prelab questions:

   1)where did the art of dying fibers originate?
      -The art of dying fibers originated from India
   2)originally, what type of substances were use to dye?
      -it came from parts of plants such as the bark, berries, 
       flowers, leaves, and roots.
   3)what are the fibers of the shit made out of?
      -the fibers of the shirt are made out of cotton.
   4)what chemical interaction is occurring when fibers are 
      dye?
      -they are forming covalent bonds
                         History of dyeing fabrics:

The art of dyeing clothing fibers originated in India or China no later than 2500 B.C. Most natural dyes came from parts of plants such as the bark, berries, flowers, leaves, and roots.

In 1856, William Henry Perkin began the synthetic organic chemical industry by accidentally discovering the purple dye, mauveine,

when he tried to produce quinine from aniline.

About 100 years after Perkin’s first discovery, fiber-reactive dyes capable of forming covalent linkages with the fiber were discovered.

Chemistry of Dyeing Fabrics:

Some dyes only stain the cloth, and wash out a little each time the cloth is laundered. High Quality dyes (fiber-active dyes) actually chemically (covalent) bond to the molecules of the fabric and can never be washed out. The dye molecules carry a “chromophore”, which absorb varying spectrums of light, allowing only certain spectrums to reflect.

Cotton is made of long strands of cellulose molecules, all twisted together. Cotton is ideal for dying because the fibers are naturally hollow, and the dye molecules will form bonds on both the inside and outside of the fiber. If you put molecules of dye and cotton together, very little will happen until the atoms on the surfaces of the 

molecules are prepared for bonding.

This can be done by either increasing the temperature or the pH of the fiber and dye. In this lab, we will do the latter, increasing the pH by soaking the fabric in calcium carbonate, which causes the releases a H atom from the cellulose molecule. The removal of the H atom leaves the cellulose molecule with some atoms that do not have stable octets. As a result, the dye can bond to the cellulose molecule at the site of the removed H atom.

After the dye is applied, it is allowed to react in a desirable host environment for up to 24 hours. After this time, the bonding sites on the cellulose should be saturated with dye molecules. Excess dye molecules that have not bonded permanently are washed away using warm water rinse and a dye-carrying detergent.

                        Examples of tie dye shirts

                  How To Do A Tie Dye Shirt

procedure:
Step 1: With a permanent marker, write your name on the cloth you will be tie dying. There will be many other shirts in the lab during this activity; be sure yours is marked to avoid losing it.

Step 2: Soak your cloth in the hot water for about 5 minutes. Be sure you put it in the tub marked for your period.

Step 3: Put on a pair of gloves, remove your cloth from the soaking tub and wring out. Using the below diagrams, tie you cloth in one (or a combination of) the methods shown using string or rubber bands.

Step 4: Dye application. Apply the dye using the applicator bottles. Be aware that mixing will occur where the dyes come in contact with each other. Using complimentary colors (purple and yellows, blues and orange, or red and green) near each other usually produces a brownish black color. Also, the more dye you put on a given spot, the less white will remain on the final product.

Step 5: Place your dye-soaked item in a grocery or other plastic bag marked clearly with your name. No pooling of liquid should appear in the bag.

Step 6: After the cloth has soaked for at least 24 hours, open the bag, remove the item, and rinse it several times with warm water, before removing strings or rubber bands. Once it is rinsing clean, remove the ties and rinse several times again until it is rinsing clean. At this point, you can hang it to dry or place it in another bag to take home and wash.

The first time you wash it, place it alone in the washing machine with just a small squirt of dishwashing liquid like Dawn or Joy. Do not use laundry detergent.

data:

   

1.) Write down a synopsis of what occurred before the dyeing of the shirt.  

   -Before we dye the shirt we had to live it in cool water for 5
     minutes and then soaked the shirt and then put the rober bands 
     and start dying the shirts

2.) Explain the process used to dye your shirt - pattern, tying method.

-I choose to do the donuts pattern so fist i had to grab the

shirt and tie it up with two rober bands in the same spot

and keep doing the same thing in different spots and then

grab the dye and put one color at the top and other color

at the bottom and then grab another color for the hole

shirt.The shirt looked like this=>

3.) After the shirt sat for 24 hours, describe the pattern of the shirt - picture, if possible.

Post Lab Questions:

1.) If you dyed a rainbow spiral on a shirt and then soaked it in a black dye bath, the result would be a black shirt with a rainbow spiral pattern. Why doesn’t the entire shirt dye black?

-Because the shirt had already bonded with the rainbow dye.

2. What is the purpose of soaking the shirts in the hot water for 5 minutes?

-So that the cotton fibers can react better with the dye.

3. Why is 100% cotton the best type of cloth to use with fiber reactive dyes?

-because the dye will bond better therefore the dye can't bleed 

            Here some example of tie dye shirts and                                   different patterns: